Recent work suggests that these products may also be associated with improved outcomes related to cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, pulmonary function, and gastrointestinal protection. Chemical Resistance of Plastics - Curbell Plastics Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. As reviewed by Boyer and Liu (1), there were several reports prior to 2004 demonstrating that AP intake was associated with reduced risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer in cohort and case-control studies. The quantity of phloridzin the rats consumed represented ~6 apples/d, depending on variety. Although further work needs to be done, it is intriguing that components in AP have the potential to modify genetic profiles in a potentially protective manner. In another study, the same investigators used 2 breast cancer cell lines, including the MCF-7 cells as an estrogen-responsive model and MDA-MB-231 as an estrogen-negative model (30). I thank Sue Taylor and Stacie Haaga for their helpful discussion and review. (20) crushed and extracted juice from cider and table apples harvested in Germany to prepare several polyphenolic mixtures, including one extract from apple pomace. The authors concluded that these compounds could be partially responsible for the anticancer activities associated with AP. Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. The findings of these investigators and many others suggest that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts in terms of a protective effect of AP on cancer. Liu et al. The range of the isolated compounds with demonstrated activity was comparable to levels observed in human plasma in feeding trials. Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? Unprocessed pomace containing 61% of dietary fiber (DF) and 0.23% of polyphenols (PP) and ethanol- or ethanol/acetone-extracted pomaces containing 66% DF and 0.10% PP and 67% DF and 0.01% PP, respectively, were subjected to a 4 week study in rats. A few studies have evaluated the potential of AP to prevent or reduce injury to gastric mucosa by drugs (75). The wide range of polyphenol content in whole apples and apple juice is depicted in Table 1 (4, 5). Significant risk reduction was observed in cancer at several sites (percent reduction in parentheses), including oral cavity and pharynx (18%), esophagus (22%), colorectal (30%), larynx (41%), breast (24%), ovary (24%), and prostate (7%). Several ranking studies have been completed and the pros and cons of chemical methods used to assess in vitro antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables have been debated and will not be reviewed here. Typically, the greater values in the ranges shown for juices reflect the higher concentration of polyphenols in fresh juice prepared from cider apples and commercial preparations of cloudy juice compared to lower quantities in fresh juice made with dessert apple varieties or commercial juices that are clear. The cells were exposed to apple extracts, prepared from fresh fruit (assayed for total phenolic and flavonoid content) across several ranges from 0 to 60 g/L. Incubation of these cells with the apple juice extract for 24, 48, and 72 h reduced their growth. Table 1 is an attempt to summarize research studies of the last 10 years which are related, with different degrees, to sweet taste perception in apple. Are All These Chemicals Found in a Banana? | Snopes.com Factors Influencing Sweet Taste in Apple | SpringerLink Alloy 28 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. There was a significant reduction of preneoplastic lesions in the animals exposed to the apple phytochemicals, including 50% fewer aberrant crypts. Other enzymes related to cancer etiology are also favorably affected by AP (24). Blood sampled at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h postconsumption was assayed for FRAP and plasma ascorbate and urate levels. Although the SCFA were not correlated with inhibition of growth in this study, it is known that SCFA can stimulate pathways of growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. There has been a growing appreciation and understanding of the link between fruit and vegetable consumption and improved health. One recent investigation focused on isolating and identifying bioactive compounds in apple peel associated with antiproliferative activity (32). Anywhoo . Add a Comment. The grade is characterized by: Very high corrosion resistance in strong acids. It has been shown that the estrogen decline associated with menopause is linked to increased production of inflammatory mediators within the bone microenvironment. The nitrogen content varied from 43.2 to 171.4 mg N/L. A different study, using rats injected with the chemical carcinogen azoxymethane, known to cause a range of morphological changes including carcinoma, found protective effects of an extract of apple procyanidins provided to the animals in their drinking water for 6 wk (19). In addition, the extract downregulated several signal pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, including PKC and enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis. If it's edible then it's chemicals. A study conducted in Turkey included 15 elderly participants (mean age 72 y; 8 female, 7 male) who ate fresh apples at a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 1 mo (36). Similar results were found in cells exposed to an enriched extract of procyanidins (flavanols, catechin, and epicatechin). A research group in Italy studied the effects of 10 wk of fresh apple intake in aged rats (66). Current guidelines recommend daily consumption of foods that are a good source of dietary fiber and low in energy density to promote healthy weight maintenance or weight loss. Therefore, the main objective of this current study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional Data were based on FFQ (including interviews) of dietary intake in the 2 y prior to diagnosis. Another in vitro study with AP demonstrated that there may be other beneficial effects to gastrointestinal health by an alternate mechanism of reducing risk of mutagenesis in gastric cancer (77). To measure the animal response to dietary . These studies are among the few that highlight the importance of metabolized AP and emphasize the need to determine the biological activity of metabolites of phytochemicals in vivo. Ogino et al. Collectively, these studies indicate that a relatively modest intake of apple is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and associated mortality. Thus, the study of AP is highly relevant and they have important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. AP might be protective because of their antioxidant potential and phytochemical content. Diagnosed asthma, on the basis of self-reported data using validated questionnaires, was present in 3.1% of the cohort. 1 (4). Interestingly, a subsequent analysis of this work showed that urate, but not ascorbate, levels were correlated with the increase in FRAP (39). Hamsters were provided with apples to approximate human intake of 600 g/d (~2.5 large apples) or 500 mL of juice/d. It is becoming apparent that native polyphenolic compounds are most commonly tested but due to extensive metabolic modification, the ingested compounds may be negligible or even absent in tissues under physiologic conditions. The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b04266.. Apple fruit sweetness is given by the sugar content (Aprea et al., 2017), and it is considered that weather conditions, culture technology, position, and exposition of the fruits in the crown influences this content (Campeanu et al., 2009).Apple fruits present high sugar content, which varies from 9.53 to 12.3% (Campeanu et al., 2009), 7.41 . Both products also reduced the percentage of aortic surface area covered by foam cells (aortic fatty streak lesion area) by 48% in the apple group and 60% in the apple juice group compared to controls. The authors provided a detailed analysis of the association between compound structure and related antioxidant potential using TBARS, autooxidation of methyl linoleate, and scavenging of radicals including 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate, H2O2, and NO. An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). Elevated lipids and aberrations in lipid metabolism are well-established risk factors for many types of cardiovascular disease. Which polyphenolic compounds contribute to the total antioxidant activities of apple? Anti-vaxxer vs. chemical composition of an apple The estimated dietary intake of polyphenolic compounds varies widely depending upon methodology, consumption data, the combination of compounds (most commonly flavonoids) included in the analysis, and the food composition database used (6). It is speculated that environmental and lifestyle factors, such as reduced intake of dietary antioxidants, are contributing to the rise (51). Apple juice was among 8 fresh fruit juices that exhibited an antioxidant effect within 30 min postconsumption that was sustained for up to 90 min. The goal of the follow-up study was to determine if flavonoid content of apples accounted for the observed improvement in outcomes related to asthma. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits - PMC Valorisation of Apple ( Malus domestica ) Wastes - Springer Many investigators have taken great care to control for confounding variables known to affect lung health, but it is likely that unknown dietary and lifestyle factors have important effects. An intriguing report published in 2007 involved studying the association between maternal diet and the presence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in offspring 5 y later (56). Favorable effects on antioxidant enzymes in liver including SOD, GSHPx, and general markers of oxidation (hepatic TBARS) were significantly reduced by 4752%. An anthocyanidin-rich fraction from each of the fruit extracts was also tested. CardboardChampion 3 yr. ago. The fresh peeled apple meal included 311 g of unpeeled apple plus a protein drink and 53 g of candy; the applesauce test meal included 877.5 g of unsweetened canned applesauce and a protein drink and the control meal included just the candy (108 g) and the protein drink. This review summarizes current clinical, in vitro, and in vivo data and builds upon earlier published reports that apple may reduce the risk of chronic disease by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling effects. Ingredients in Popular Fruits Reveal Why the Name 'Chemical' Is Meaningless Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the correlation between phenolic content, enzymatic activity and browning MartinaPersic MajaMikulic-Petkovsek AnaSlatnar RobertVeberic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.017 Get rights and content Apple fruit, pomace and juice characterized by different phenolic groups. Comprehensive Review of Apples and Apple Components and Their Natural chemicals in an apple Feeding trials are important in illustrating in vivo effects of AP and there are convincing data that AP intake is associated with improved antioxidant capacity in plasma and other tissues. Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. Kern et al. These data support prior observations that complete mixtures of phytochemicals in AP are more effective than individual components tested alone. In a study of SW620, adenocarcinoma-derived metastatic cells of colon cancer, the goal was to determine whether polymeric apple phenols compared to monomeric forms were more effective in attenuating cell proliferation (19). In a cross-over study, 15 healthy female participants 1950 y (mean 24.6 y) old each consumed a 500-kcal test meal on 3 different occasions consisting of either fresh peeled apples, unsweetened canned apple sauce, or candy. Several studies, summarized below, have attempted to elucidate specific antioxidant components in AP using in vitro assays. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the apple extract increased the number of apoptotic cells and also appeared to interfere with the cell cycle. The combined phytochemical and nutrient profiles in AP suggests their potential to be powerful in the prevention of several chronic conditions in humans. The authors concluded that the high procyanidin content and metabolites in the apple extract might directly interfere with cholesterol absorption in addition to modulating lipids and lipid-related processes. freshly squeezed orange juice. Research in animals allows for detailed analyses of the effect of AP on lipid parameters beyond simply measuring lipid levels in plasma. In men, the risk reduction was 19% in the group consuming >54 g compared to no apple intake (34). The current report focused on studies published since the last review of AP and health in 2004 (1). Although total daily apple intake was not reported in this small study, it is estimated that the average intake would not be much more than 1 small apple/d (149 g) based on a conservative speculated average bodyweight range of 6070 kg. The apple peel extract was among the fruits that showed a significant dose-response reduction in cell proliferation in the HT29 but not the MCF-7 cells, the latter cell type being generally less responsive to extract exposure. Total daily intake (g/d) of hard fruits (apples and pears) was included in the analysis with a median follow-up time of 6.4 y. The women were randomized to 1 of 3 diet groups for 10 wk including a daily intake of 300 g of apple (~1.5 large size), daily intake of a similar quantity of pear, or 60 g of oat cookies. A follow-up mechanistic study using a similar approach with polyphenol-rich apple extract was conducted to examine the effect of fermentation-generated SCFA on inhibition of histone deacetylase in 2 colon cancer cell lines, including HT29 and Caco-2 (26). It has been proposed that assessment of total oxidant scavenging activity might overcome the inconsistencies observed in other assays. Research has shown that biologically active components in plant-based foods, particularly phytochemicals, have important potential to modulate many processes in the development of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, pulmonary disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and other degenerative disease states. In a separate study, Shaheen et al. There were also differential outcomes between cell lines in terms of the inhibitory effect of the anthocyanidin-rich fraction, with significant inhibition in the HT29 cells by apple anthocyanidins (compared to an actual increase in proliferation in response to this fraction in MCF-7 cells). Follow-up work with this model to further characterize the effects of the fresh apple extract demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of markers of cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and down regulation of the cell cycle in mammary tumor cells (cyclin D1 protein expression) (28). It is estimated that over 80 million American adults (1 in 3 and particularly adults older than 60 y) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. In this study, human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were exposed to TNF (10 g/L) to activate NF-B. The men were fed a restrictive, antioxidant-poor diet for 48 h followed by the apple challenge. Individual compounds isolated from the apple extracts were not effective in altering any of the markers in this study, suggesting that the composite mixtures of components in the extracts were more important in mediating the observed effects than individual compounds, likely due to interaction/synergy between the different components. The prevalence of pulmonary disorders, particularly asthma, has been increasing over the past several decades worldwide (50). 2.1. Dina Spector. This study focused on a single concentration of one isolated compound; an expansion of work with this model using a wider range of concentrations and varied phytochemicals would be of interest. This led the investigators to feed a fructose solution to the study participants to mimic the content in 5 apples (64 g fructose). All those chemicals are because of GMOs the scientists inject into our apple trees. pandamonium. Chemical composition of apple 2.5. A series of recent studies from the laboratory of Shea et al. The association persisted even after correction for other factors, including childhood diet and lifestyle variables. Schaefer et al. Commercial apple juice in Germany was tested among other fruit juices. The available data show preliminary but intriguing potential of AP to modulate some of these processes in animal models. A new report using data from the French branch of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition trial provided evidence of a link between apple intake and reduced asthma prevalence in a sample of 68,535 adult women, mostly teachers, enrolled in a national health insurance plan (52). Oxidant stress also activates inflammatory mediators that induce asthma in experimental models and appears to be important in the etiology of asthma in humans (51). In vitro studies from the above laboratory examined the potential mechanisms by which AP may cause reduction in mammary tumors (29). Apple juice concentrate may work by other mechanisms, including the ability to suppress overexpression of presenilin-1, which is linked to the production of amyloid peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (63, 64). Recent investigations have added to the earlier work as well as identified potential new health benefits of AP consumption. Interestingly, prolonged exposure to AP resulted in even greater antioxidant capacity for some compounds, suggesting that metabolic products formed over a period of time may have differing antioxidant capacities than the parent phytochemicals and, in some cases, improved potential. aluminum oxide, a white powder that contains a 2:3 ratio of aluminum and oxygen atoms. The idea that there is a difference between "natural . Fructose level (average 53.9 g/l) was almost always higher than glucose level. Studies aimed at ranking in vitro antioxidant capacity of AP have been inconsistent as have those of other fruits and vegetables; some investigations rank antioxidant capacity as relatively poor, whereas others report good antioxidant activity compared to other fruits (45). Understanding and characterizing the bioavailability of AP in humans is important in examining their possible protective effects on colon cancer. It is also called ferulate, propenoic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and more. Ferulic acid The next list of chemicals in an apple is Ferulic acid, belongs to a group of an organic compound called hydroxycinnamic acid. The fraction highest in catechin also protected cells from oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal protective effect at 3 h. The protective effect was associated with a corresponding increase in antioxidant activity and reduced lipid peroxidation per measurement of MDA. It was shown that in maternal groups with progressively greater apple intake ranging from 01/wk to 14/wk to >4/wk, there was a significant and linear reduction in diagnosed asthma as well as reduced reports of ever having wheezed or ever having asthma among the nearly 1200 5-y olds in the study. Subsequent tests were conducted to determine if apple extracts (peel and flesh) and selected phytochemicals could attenuate this activation. TheOutcast06 3 yr. ago. Apple feeding significantly reduced the concentration of the oxidative marker MDA in urine to levels lower than those in healthy control animals. Investigators in the laboratory of Shaheen et al. A physical property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition. 42. Oxidative damage appears to be an initiating factor in several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, due to disruptions in DNA, protein, lipids, and other cellular components by ROS. The incidence of diabetes, chiefly type 2 diabetes, has increased dramatically and is the subject of intensive study around the world. Abstract Suberized cell walls formed as barriers at Approved as a medicinal fruit by the Chinese National Health and Wellness Commission [], hawthorn has higher dietary fiber, pectin, ascorbic acid, minerals, and antioxidant capacity than some common fruits [].Studies have confirmed that hawthorn is rich in amino acids (8 essential amino acids and 3-8 times more amino acids than fruit), protein (17 times .
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