S7 Appendix gives the PRISMA checklist that was used. Mostly favorable evidence of effectiveness was found in a SR of social-emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth from 26 countries [36]. Comprehensive school programs that promote healthy school environments, health and nutrition literacy, and physical activity are one of the six key areas for ending childhood obesity recommended by WHO [45]. Schools offer a unique platform for health care delivery. This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. Brief exploratory review Panelists evaluate questions based on best practices and emerging research on addressing heath behaviors and the school health environment. importance of keeping school records which include the following: 1. A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students' health and educational outcomes. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Although three SRs mentioned the cost of specialized professionals delivering interventions versus teachers or a school nurse [26,32,36], cost, let alone cost-effectiveness, was not closely analyzed in any of the included SRs. Health Record to Teacher: Purpose: 1. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Gold and colleagues assessed daily music therapy as an intervention to improve verbal and gestural communicative skills and reduce behavioral problems in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23]. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . Saving Lives, Protecting People, Research Brief: Addressing the Needs of Students with Chronic Health Conditions: Strategies for Schools, Research Brief: Chronic Health Conditions and Academic Achievement, Fact Sheet: Health Insurance for Children: How Schools Can Help, Fact Sheet: Managing Chronic Health Conditions in Schools: The Role of the School Nurse, National Center for Medical Home Implementation School Nurses Linking with the Medical Home, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! Another limitation is that this overview only included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and other controlled study designs where health professionals delivered the intervention. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. However, these results did not persist at follow-up [20]. This overview measured overlap using the corrected covered area (CCA) [16] and did not exclude overlapping studies. This overview primarily found evidence for special research interventions, suggesting a need for assessment of routinely-delivered school health services. The Healthy School Report Card is already aligned with the schools improvement process. This is problematic given that health disparities for children and adolescents are greater in LMIC and LIC than in higher income countries [10]. Six SRs included at least one study from countries with lower-middle income or lower income economies [18,21,22,28,35,36]. school health services School Health Documentation - National Association of School Nurses - NASN Kavanagh and colleagues examined depression and anxiety group counseling programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and found statistically significant reductions of depressive symptoms at both four weeks and three months follow-up [24,39]. However, it should be noted that these SRs found mixed evidence of maintenance of effects over time [28,32,34,39]. Results from this overview suggest that certain interventions can be effective in improving child and adolescent health outcomes, and thus may be worthwhile for integration into school health programs. Qualified professionals such as school nurses, nurse practitioners, dentists, health educators, physicians, physician assistants, and allied health personnel provide these services. Access to education and safe and supportive schoolenvironments have been linked to better healthoutcomes. Due to the heterogeneity of the SRs included in this overview, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. Schools in states or districts with assessment requirements might find it beneficial to add parts of another assessment tool process to enhance their work. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. CDC twenty four seven. Articles that received conflicting votes (ineligible vs. potentially or probably eligible) were discussed and consensus was reached. implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that "Every school should be a health promoting school" [ 10 ]. Meta-analysis of the six studies showed statistically significant short-term benefits for weekday sleep time, weekend sleep time, and mood [20]. Given that FRIENDS has been endorsed by WHO [44] and was found to be effective in decreasing anxiety symptoms in all four SRs where it was mentioned in this overview [28,32,34,39], policy makers and school health officials may consider incorporating this or similar programs into existing school health services. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. SRs on oral health interventions focused on prevention [25,30], screening [18], and education [27,30] (Table 3E). The Secondary Education Commission has recommended the maintenance of cumulative record of each pupil by the class teachers. The grading system is available in Tables E and F in S6 Appendix. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt (LMU) Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany, Affiliation: Kid Kohl, However, this conclusion should be interpreted cautiously due to small effect sizes, small sample sizes, and conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy between Sullivan and Simonson [36] and Gold and colleagues [23]. The significance of records management to public healthcare facilities and institutions includes operational cost reduction and elimination of duplicated overhead costs; eliminates the creation. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Schroeder and colleagues reviewed the effectiveness of obesity treatment and prevention interventions that specifically involved a school nurse (Table 3D) [26]. CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. However, in the studies included in both Gold and colleagues and McDonald and Dreys SRs, the numbers of participants per intervention group were very small: 410 and 1225 per study, respectively, introducing possibility of bias [23,33]. In turn, good health is linked to reduceddrop-out rates and greater educational attainment,educational performance, employment andproductivity. Interventions with evidence for effectiveness addressed autism, depression, anxiety, obesity, dental caries, visual acuity, asthma, and sleep. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. More than half of included SRs analyzed mental health and oral health interventions, and no SRs were found that assessed other relevant health areas, such as vaccinations, communicable diseases, injuries, etc. This article theoretically debated the role school record to effective educational management, the importance of keeping records in school, types of school records, and characteristics of . Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. For useful recommendations to be made regarding school health services, cost-effectiveness must be more closely examined by primary studies and SRs. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. Similarly, some states require portions of the Healthy School Report Card to be completed. Each of these three assessment tools allows users to analyze the comprehensiveness of the policies, programs, and infrastructure in place to address student and staff health. The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. Among those approaches, pairing children with health services occupies an important place. School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. Confidence in results ranged from high (three or fewer non-critical weaknesses) to critically low (more than three critical flaws with or without non-critical weaknesses) [17]. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. It is important to note that any health records that the school receives from outside providers will most likely be considered school health records. School health services staff also are responsible for coordinating care by communicating with the students family and health care providers so that they can stay healthy and ready to learn. School health services (SHS), as defined in this guideline, are services provided by a health worker to students enrolled in . A SR that focused on behavioral education, such as demonstrating how to correctly brush teeth, found no evidence for reduction in caries [30], whereas a SR on oral hygiene and caries education found evidence for decreased plaque and improved hygiene [27]. Strongest evidence in favor of oral health interventions emerged from a SR on universal topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25]. Children's health records can help child care providers identify preven-tive health needs such as immunizations or dental care, prepare a special care plan for children with chronic health conditions . Maintaining Student Records One of your essential duties as a teacher is to maintain student records. The final three SRs either did not state the locations of included studies [27,34] or provided regions rather than specific country locations [26]. The information can then be used for policy development, planning, and school improvement efforts. It is important to take this into account when interpreting results. A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods. It develops personal character, skills, attitude, and physique. Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. 2. Through a comprehensive literature search, the overview aimed to identify health areas and specific school health service interventions that have at least some evidence of effectiveness. Instead, the authors determined which of the 16 items on the checklist were critical for this overview and which of the items were non-critical. The AMSTAR 2 checklist [17] was used to appraise quality of included SRs. The four SRs that included PRP found mixed evidence [34] or no evidence of effectiveness [19,24,28,39], bringing the popularity of this intervention into question. S6 Appendix. A health book contains the names of students/Pupils who brings complains to the clinic, . All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. SRs addressed various intervention types: universal interventions [19,24,28,32,34,39]; targeted interventions for military-connected children [29], children and adolescents at risk for depression and/or anxiety [28,34], refugee and war-traumatized youth [36], and children referred to therapy [33]; and indicated interventions for children and/or adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23], depression [24,28,39], or anxiety [24,34,39]. http://www.who.int/school_youth_health/gshi/en/, http://www.schoolsandhealth.org/Pages/WASH.aspx, http://www.who.int/school_youth_health/resources/information_series/en/, https://data.worldbank.org/?year_high_desc=false, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012595.pub2/full, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005023.pub3/full, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004381.pub2/abstract, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002280.pub2/abstract, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups, https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Default.aspx?tabid=2418, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment, https://www.iapb.org/resources/school-eye-health-guidelines/, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43027/924159215X_eng.pdf;jsessionid=7E674C27FAC37B003AB96A2DC13C7407?sequence=1, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204176/9789241510066_eng.pdf?sequence=1, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. However, the SR suggested that the studies were ineffective in changing self-reported risky behaviors, although follow-up was either immediate or short-term (less than 6 months) [35]. Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. No SRs found eligible studies comparing vision screening with no vision screening. No SR examined comprehensive or multi-component school health services, despite the fact that comprehensive services may be more efficient, easier to implement, and more sustainable than single interventions [40]. SHI | Using School Health Assessments | Healthy Schools | CDC Students from the most diverse and complex clinical settings come to school and require care that must be coordinated with acute care records in order to assure efficient, effective care, making schools an effective partner for Accountable Care Organizations. Reasons for exclusion were selected from the ranked list. Meta-analysis results indicated a statistically significant effect on the before-after change in caries prevalence [25]. For more detailed information on how to coordinate these assessments, contact the three organizations by going to the Web sites listed at the end of this document.
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